Antisocial Personality Behavior Essay - 1311 Words

Antisocial Personality Behavior When we define abnormal behavior we must keep in mind that â€Å"normal† differs from culture to culture. What it is normal for a person from India is completely strange for a person from Europe, Colombia or Japan. To determine whether a person’s behavior is abnormal psychologist use three basic criteria as follows: Deviation from statistical norms and social norms, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress. If the individual’s behavior is considered â€Å"abnormal†, mental health professionals use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a methodical tool to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient. This paper will focus on the exploration of personality disorder and more†¦show more content†¦Axis ? refers to the description of symptoms that causes significant impairment. Axis II defines long-term problems that are unnoticed in the presence of Axis I disorders. Personality disorders can have a deep effect on h ow a patient relates to the world, for example antisocial personality disorder. Axis III offers information about any medical conditions that could be present. Axis IV describes the psychosocial and environmental factors influencing the person. Axis V allows the clinician to rate the clients overall level of functioning. It uses a rating scale called the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). This rating scale goes from 0 to 100 and provides a way to summarize how well the person is functioning overall. The movie Girl interrupted gives an insight of a group of girls in a mental institution. In this paper I will describe Lisa Rowe, who is one of the patients of this institution, her behavior, and diagnoses. Lisa Rowe, played by Angelina Jolie, was diagnosed as a sociopath with falls under the category of antisocial personality disorder. According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000) antisocial personality disorder is a pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others. People with antisocial personality disorder, fail to conform to social standards with respect to lawful behavior, they tend to lie frequently, perform actions that are grounds for arrest such as destruction of property, harassing others, stealingShow MoreRelatedAntisocial Personality Disorders and Criminal Behavior2578 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Antisocial personality disorder is a mental health condition characterized by various behavioral symptoms (including impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, disregard for the safety of others and irresponsibility), interpersonal symptoms (deceitfulness), affective symptoms (including a lack of remorse) and other symptoms (such as irritability and aggressiveness, repeated behaviors that are grounds for arrest, and the onset of conduct disorder prior to the age of 15 years). Although laws differRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeople believe that antisocial personality disorder is a faà §ade for criminals to receive lesser sentences by being diagnosed with a medical disorder. However, antisocial personality disorder is not just having and being a sociopathic person; it is a constant struggle. Antisocial personality disorder is a rare personality disorder with mental conditions that has short and long-term effects on a patient’s life. Th is literature review aims to characterize antisocial personality disorder by addressingRead MoreCharacteristics Of Psychopathy And Antisocial Disorder1337 Words   |  6 PagesPsychopathy vs Antisocial Disorder Dennis Metz University of South Florida Characteristics of Psychopathy vs Antisocial Disorder Psychopathy is defined as a disorder of personality and antisocial disorder is primarily behaviorally based. Interestingly these disorders are considered co-morbid, because they can be present simultaneously within in patient but are not the same (Werner, Few, Bucholz, 2015). This paper will discuss the literature for psychopathy and antisocial disorder, anyRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder, Slaughter, And Kashani Walker ( Hehehe )1596 Words   |  7 Pages Antisocial Personality Disorder Latoya Walker (hehehe) Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Introduction Conduct disorder is the primary identifying risk factor in childhood that may be recognized as an early sign preceding the eventual development of antisocial personality disorder in adulthood (Holmes, Slaughter, Kashani, 2001). Antisocial personality disorder possesses an array of proposed origins which include but are not limited to domestic, genetic, prenatal, and educationalRead MoreAn Attachment Theoretical Framework For Personality Disorders1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Personality Disorders explores how John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’s attachment theory provides a coherent perception of â€Å"intrapsychic and interpersonal† (2013) aspects of personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder. Adverse attachment is often at the root of most antisocial personality disorders. This theoretical groundwork pairs breadth and parsimony to the conceptualization of Bowlby by suggesting that because of the durability of working models, attachment behavior in a dolescenceRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder711 Words   |  3 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder is a psychological disorder in which an individual’s way of thinking and way of relating to others is dysfunctional and destructive. People with antisocial personality disorder usually have no regard for right and wrong and often disregard the rights and feelings of others (Mayo Clinic 1). They tend to antagonize and manipulate others for pleasure or personal benefit and often violate the law and end up in trouble most of the time, but show no remorse or regret forRead MoreEssay about Antisocial Personality Disorder844 Words   |  4 Pagesadverse affects of antisocial personality disorder. This paper will increase understanding on the psychological mindset of those who commit crimes and how it relates to their personality. I have selected two sources on the subject of antisocial personality disorders that will effectively explain an individual’s actions who suf fer from this disorder. Finally we will discuss possible treatments for this disorder. According to Merriam Webster dictionary an antisocial personality disorder or APD isRead MoreSamantha Garland Disorder of Interest Paper 1359 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Disorder of Interest Paper Psy/275 Samantha Garland 01/26/2015 Jacqueline Gat/wood Antisocial Personality Disorder Every person is commonly known for their unique personality, and the traits each of us have that are different than others. One thing many people suffer from is some Personality Disorder such as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder that is going against and violating other peoples rights (Corner, 2014). Individuals with this disorderRead MoreTaking An Abnormal Psychology Class1419 Words   |  6 Pageschild. It was interesting, things that I had either never noticed about people or things that I just thought were off and part of an individual’s personality, could actually fall into categories of many of the disorders covered. Not that I am trying to diagnose anyone, because I am obviously not qualified, but just to be able to place attitudes and behaviors showed me that I was retaining the covered material. The most meaningful chapters to me were the chapters on eating disorders, substance abuseRead MoreAntisocial Personality Di sorder ( Aspd )1432 Words   |  6 Pages Antisocial Personality Disorder Among the vast things studied in the field of psychology lies psychological disorders. These psychological disorders can simply be defined as psychological functions that can be unhealthy and even harmful to a person (Gerrig, 2005). And because this disorders can cause damage to a person it is important to understand them, both to aid a person in this situation or get the correct help if the victim is oneself. There is a vast number of psychological disorders, however

The Deaths Of Women During Ciudad Juarez - 2788 Words

In general those who live in Ciudad Juarez know about the recurring murders over the past decade involving women. Despite of that there are still millions that are oblivious to this occurring or choose to ignore it. It also gets less talked about comparing to other issues occurring around the world. Those who choose to talk about the subject eventually give up because they saw no immediate results or any progress at all. As stated before some chose to ignore the issue because they felt it was the easy way out and had fear of their own lives as well. Especially, the residents of Ciudad Juarez were in fear to speak of it because they felt they would put their lives endangered. However, to truly understand the severity and seriousness of this subject like many other issues you need to have some idea of how and why it started and the history or facts surrounding the issue. That is why the main focus is finding the factors that may have contributed to the recurring murders of women in Ciu dad Juarez. Moreover, the effects of the murders on the victim families, the public in general, and the city. Also finding if there were any motives behind the murders of the women. Lastly, finding if there are any solutions for the murders to come to an end, any way to deter people from doing it, and has there been something done in the past decade to tackle the murders from happening again. There has been debates and deliberations on how and when the series murders of women began, butShow MoreRelatedFeminicide, Gender Violence Against Women5270 Words   |  22 PagesLAS Disposables Ciudad Juà ¡rez March 13, 2015†© Femicide and Structural Violence against Women in By: Craig Serpa LAS DISPOSABLES PAGE 1 ! Introduction Much research has been produced attempting to describe and subvert femicide in Ciudad Juà ¡rez, but perhaps the most accurate description of the gendered violence can be found in an American political cartoon. A maquiladora, or Mexican border assembly/ processing plant, stands alone among rolling hills littered with gravestones inRead MoreFemicide3013 Words   |  13 PagesPatriarchy is present in virtually every society and unfortunately is the underlying problem to most violence in the world, particularly violence towards women. Patriarchy exemplifies the misogyny that has been ever-present since probably the beginning of every society. Whether it is discrimination towards women, lack of equal rights, or violence towards women, violence that stems almost entirely from patriarchal dominance is seen throughout most human societies past and present. Violence and fear have beenRead MoreThe Basics Of Mediation Between An Addict And A Victim Of Abuse1303 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst w hat news producers believed to be more important media topics. During my undergraduate studies, I directed my focus to the journalism world hoping to connect with my community through their television addiction. It was a morbid time to work for a Spanish television station in the El Paso-Ciudad Juà ¡rez region. As an incoming news assistant, I was directed to censor all incoming video shared by our partner station in Ciudad Juà ¡rez, Televisa. This was a very difficult task as months prior I had lostRead MoreMexican Trafficking And Drug Trafficking1341 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to 2013 statistics Ciudad Juarez has one of the world’s deadliest cities with more than 3,000 murders in 2010. While the killings in Ciudad Juarez drew international attention, violence against women remained a widespread phenomenon throughout the country. Special Prosecutor Perez Duarte reported that on an annual basis approximately 1,600 women were killed nationwide, mostly resulting from domestic violence. According to 2004 statistics, the rate of wome n homicide victims over age 15Read MoreMexican Drug Cartels: Problem of the Past or Indication of the Future?1688 Words   |  7 PagesGrayson, the murder rate has more than tripled from 732 in 2006 to 2,648 in 2008, in Chihuahua, Baja California, Sonora, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. A particular horror spot is Chihuahua’s largest city Ciudad Juarez, especially for young women. Tijuana competes with Ciudad Juarez as Mexico’s most dangerous city. Thus, Calderon’s administration is focusing on restoring safety to the border states. As well, almost as alarming as the violent killings are the abductions, which have ascendedRead MoreFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern?2937 Words   |  12 PagesFemicide: A Cause for Global Economic Concern? The definition of femicide is the killing of women and girls because of their gender; it may include methods of torture, mutilation, cruelty and sexual violence. Due to deep cultural traditions and premonitions, many nations- particularly third world countries- are facing a future where the sighting of a female in the community will be a rarity. In the past femicide has been closely associated with the ongoing gender based foeticide in India and China;Read MoreEssay about A Personal Trip to Mexico and The Mexican Revolution2895 Words   |  12 Pagesbecome involved in government affairs such as voting. It is eight in the morning. It’s a clear winter morning in Ciudad Juarez. There is not a single strip of smog running across the Mexican sky. In the distance, you can see El Paso, Texas and the never-ending Texas desert horizon from my hotel window. On the contrary side of the hotel room, is a beautiful vista point of Ciudad Juarez. A couple floors down the escalator, through the lobby, and out of the two front entrance doors of the hotel, youRead MoreDrug Cartels in Mexico Essay2834 Words   |  12 Pagesdrug cartels in Mexico (CRS 1). The most important cartels are Sinaloa and Juarez. The Sinaloa cartel operates in the states of Nayarit, Sinaloa and Mexico State (Reforma 1). The Juarez cartel operates in Sinaloa, Nuevo Leà ³n, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Morelos; and Quintana Roo. Mexican cartels employ individuals and groups of enforcers, known as sicarios. Statistics show that more than twenty people are killed daily in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua in crimes related to drugs. Drug l ords send their gunmen to strategicRead More The Role of Mexican-American Border Relations in the Political Process3339 Words   |  14 Pagessupporters of Proposition 187 racists. The economic concerns of the California residents were that the illegal immigrants were taking too many of the state’s resources in a time where resources weren’t plentiful. One economic anxiety of the residents during this time focused on the destruction of their communities from the crimes committed by illegal immigrants. Many residents, especially those in the San Diego area, attribute vandalization and robbery in their communities to illegal immigrants (Natives:Read MoreGregory Nav A Mexican Filmmaker Who Was Born Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagesbeliefs comes to take the lives of those who fall in the river, when Chucho and his mother fall into the river while attempting to return to the U.S. This belief is significant because when Chucho dies as a young adult, the family is able to accept his death and attribute it to the river spirit coming who took what should have been his years ago. On the other hand, in El Norte, Nava uses elements to suggest spiral time, r epetition of time, and the influence of Mayan concepts of cyclical time and legends

Mental And Physical Health Of College Students - 1469 Words

Literature Review: Mental and Physical Health of College Students Jackie Brocious Misericordia University Literature Review: Mental and Physical Health of College Students This paper is focused on the sub-topic of mental and physical health of college students, either within healthcare-related fields or general graduate programs. This sub-topic is a branch of our group’s research purpose of identifying the occupational therapy (OT) student’s perception and confidence with an OT program and their preparedness within the field. A study done by Pfeifer, Kranz, and Scoggin (2008) at Texas University focused on the perceived stress of OT students in an entry level master’s program. The results from the interview revealed that†¦show more content†¦It was found that much of the cause of psychological distress came from the lack of clarity and transparency within the structure of the programs and study plans, and not with the quality of the teachers (Nerdrum et al., 2009). Jacob, Itzchak, and Raz (2013) stated that many healthcare students perceive themselves as working under a lot of pressure due to the demands of their programs. The students rated time demands of courses and the amount of material covered the highest indicators of stress within the academic factor (Jacob et al., 2013). In Norway, a survey reported that college students were at a greater risk of developing mental health problems than the general population (Bonsaksen, 2015). Female students were also twice as likely to report mental health problems compared to their male counterparts (Bonsaksen, 2015). At the end of the study, the male students had a higher satisfaction with the OT program, and had higher levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy (Bonsaksen, 2015). Bonsaksen (2015) also notes that regarding the self-esteem measure, the students who spent most of their time on self-study, acquired higher scores, which suggests that the female students, who tended to have a lower self-esteem and self-efficacy, could offset it by increasing self-study. Holinka’s (2015) study was determined to support other findings of how stress negatively correlates with college students’ life satisfaction. The analysis from her study

Analysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter - 1917 Words

Abby Yates Stukel AP Language and Composition 19 October 2014 The Harry Potter series is arguably the most well known sequence of books and movies of all time. Harry, a heroic wizard, is portrayed as a Christ figure throughout the series, assisting friends, family, and strangers before himself. He is also marked by the wound of another with a scar, and that disfigurement defines him as a person to those who may be unfamiliar to him. He possesses some of the qualities of another fictional character, written about over two centuries before him. Hester Prynne is marked by her scarlet letter, giving people a preconceived notion about who she is, similar to Harry’s iconic scar. She also puts others before herself, including those who had betrayed her trust (Dimmesdale), similar to Harry saving his enemy Draco from being engulfed in flame in the seventh installment of the series. These acts of selflessness shown by these characters resemble the actions of Christ, and allude back to the Bible. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne alludes to Christianity and the Bible to expose the Puritan’s rigid dogmatism that fails to appreciate his endorsement of love, tolerance, and mercy prevalent throughout the novel. Hawthorne uses images of Biblical figures throughout the story to expose the harshness of Puritan judgment and ironically highlight the sinner. The opening chapter of the novel describes the prison in which Hester and her daughter Pearl are detained. On one side ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 2314 Words   |  10 PagesKatya Flaska American Literature Period 5 10 August 2014 The Scarlet Letter Book Analysis 1. The book is The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn. The genre of the novel is historical fiction. 2. The preamble describes how the book came to be written. The narrator was a surveyor of the customhouse in Salem, where he discovered documents he used to write the story. He uncovered a manuscript with a scarlet â€Å"A†, which contained the events recorded by a previous surveyor in the 1600s. When the narratorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1120 Words   |  5 Pages From the very first chapter, the Scarlet Letter guides readers on a journey that explores the darkness of the human heart and redemption from sin. It is in the Massachusetts Bay Colony that we introduced to a trio of characters interconnected by their sins: an adulteress, a minister and a physician. The adulteress is a woman named Hester Prynne who, as punishment for her transgressions, must wear a scarlet A on chest and is shunned by her community. Yet, Hester s eventual acceptance of herRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1404 Words   |  6 Pageswhere the scarlet lett er, A, is an extended metaphor that symbolizes a multitude of things: adultery, sin, charity, righteousness, grace, and the danger of merely thinking symbolically. It also compares and contrasts the current states of Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Arthur Chillingworth. With this, it has a logical progression to the book’s ultimate conclusion. This section can be done in a bulleted format with brief (2-3 sentences) summaries by chapter if that works for the book. Chapter 1:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1143 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book,The Scarlet Letter, there are many questions that grab the reader’s attention. One of the most intriguing and thought ­provoking question is, â€Å"Is Hester Prynne a good mother and should she be allowed to keep Pearl?† This question does not have a simple yes or no answer, the reader must take into account many things the author mentions in the book. However, after careful consideration, one might find that Hester is not, in fact, a good mother, but should be allowed to keep Pearl. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1141 Words   |  5 PagesBlake Allison P#1 AP NOVEL FORM 1. Title: The Scarlet Letter 2. Author and date of first publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1850 3. List four main characters with a one-sentence description of each. a. Hester Prynne- Hester Prynne, the protagonist and wearer of the scarlet letter, is a very independent, loving, intelligent, and at times depressed woman who is the mother of Pearl. b. Arthur Dimmesdale- Arthur Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, is a reverend in town who is greatly honored forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1563 Words   |  7 PagesReading The Scarlet Letter again, I imagine Hester Prynne as she steps out of the Boston jail. She carries her out-of-wedlock baby in her arms but does not hide the A she wears on her breast. Her crime, though it will never be named in the book by more than an initial, is placed on exhibition. Yet she has converted the letter into her own statement by fantastic flourishes of gold embroidery. She is a mystery beyond the reach not only of her fellow Bostonians but also of the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe book, The Scarlet Letter, is about the struggle three people face while trying to live their lives and find happiness. In the early 1640s, Hester has come to the small town of Boston, Massachusetts, while her husband, Chillingworth, w as back in Great Britain. Hester and Arthur Dimmesdale, the town s priest, engage in the act of adultery and have a baby girl named Pearl, though only Hester knows that Dimmesdale is the father. She has promised Dimmesdale not to give up his identity. HesterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 1184 Words   |  5 PagesAs I began my summer reading assignment I wasn’t too amused at the beginning chapters of the â€Å"Scarlet Letter,† With Hawthorne throwing around words like â€Å"quietude† I wasn’t sure if it was truly the difference in his old English speech, or if he was tossing in obscure words just to send people looking through their dictionaries to find out if he had, in fact, made the word up, or not. But, as I delved deeper into Hawthorn’s work I found a brilliant story with some of the richest charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter Essay1022 Words   |  5 Pagesand women was even more prominent and obvious during the antebellum era. In The Scarlet Letter By Nathanial Hawthorne there was Hester Prynne and in The Two Offers By Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, there was Janette Alston. Both of these women, rose above the rest, through adversity, hardship, and against all odds still came out on top, even during a time period that didn’t appreciate a strong woman. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne, was thrown in jail and forced to wear a symbol of her sin andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Scarlet Letter 2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe Evolution of the A in The Scarlet Letter â€Å"So, in the course of the novel, the ‘A’ seems to encompass the entire range of human beingness, from the earthly and passionate ‘adulteress’ to the pure and spiritual ‘angel,’ taking into account everything in between,† begins Claudia Durst Johnson (128). Many believe the A in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter possesses only one meaning - adulterer; however, Hawthorne imbues the symbolic letter with diverse definitions. In the novel, Hawthorne

Music and Concert Analysis Essay Example For Students

Music and Concert Analysis Essay During this process, you will deed to do the following: A. Before and during the concert: take notes 1. Read the prompt carefully. Usually, the concert review assigned in an academic context is different from the one in a newspaper or magazine. Be sure to understand your instructors expectations. 2. Get access to the show. In order to review the concert, youll need to get in the door! 3. Take notes about what is happening on the stage. Write down your observations of the time and space of the concert such as intermission, stage lighting, and musicians attire. Both formal and informal conversations by the musicians on the stage may be also useful for your review. . Get the list of songs/compositions. You will need to mention what pieces were played at the concert in your review. If some particular pieces are outstanding among the repertoire, take notes on the reasons. If you do not know the names of all of the pieces, you can sometimes get a copy of the song list from the concert manager. 5. Review the performers. Take notes about how well (or poorly) the musicians played, if there was any outstanding piece (and, if so, why? , and whether or not there was any stage banter. Be as descriptive and detailed as possible, including the performers positions, attire, gestures, etc. You might also want to pay attention to the backup players; lead singers are not the only stars. Dont let your review be only a critique of the center stage. 6. Take notes about the audience. While your focus should be on what the musicians do, not the audience, it may be useful for your readers to know what type of fans showed up, how the audience responded, and whether it was a large or small crowd. Whether the show was sold out or only 10 fans showed up, audience size and their response have a tendency to affect the musicians performance. B. After the concert: write a review 1. Introduction. Music and Concert By Roseland f musicians/ensembles/conductors. You may also include details, such as the specific locale, to give readers unfamiliar with the area a better idea of where the concert took place. Also, if the concert was held earlier in the day, or extremely late at night, be sure to mention that. . Description. The main body of the concert review should include brief discussions of each piece played during the concert you attended. Do not quote the program notes: you should write your own observations on the performance. The format of your description may be varied according to the genres of music, but it should include: the title of each ice and the name of the composer and/or musician; basic and brief information about the composer and/or piece; and your reaction to the pi ece.

Porters Diamond Model Making Sense Of Strategy

Question: Discuss about theMaking Sense of Strategyfor Porters Diamond Model. Answer: Introduction Competitiveness refers to the ability or performance of an organization, sector or country to supply products and services in relation with other firms, sectors or countries. The application of Porters Diamond model of National Advantage helps in assessing, comparing and contrasting the competitiveness of Saudi Arabia to that of China. Further, using China as a benchmark, recommendations are provided for improving the competitive advantage of Saudi Arabia (Fainshmidt, Smith and Judge 2016). According to Zhang and London (2013), diamond of National Advantage is a framework created by Michael Porter in which a country can create endowments such as advanced technology, skilled labour, government support and wide knowledge base. BRICS is an acronym for five emerging national economies namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. There are four determinants of national competitive advantage. Firstly, factor conditions are the resources such as skilled labour, infrastructure and technological base that are the factors of production. In China, the workers are mostly college-educated. The country relies on cheap labour as they mainly export to countries such as Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and the USA. The low-cost skilled employees with necessary experience, aptitude and proficiency help China to compete in the global market. China is slowly undertaking and has minimized the gap between their technological approach and global advanced level. China invests in massive infrastructure which makes the economy reliable with roads, telecommunications and electricity (Newman, Thanacoody and Hui 2011). These factors make China a highly competitive nation in the business value chain. According to Jones and Omran (2015), about 85% of the workers are low-skilled in Saudi Arabia. The country mostly depends on imported labour force and is a home for over 10.4 million expatriates (Jones and O mran 2015). This makes the labour costly in the country in comparison with China, which is cheaper in China. Further, Saudi Arabia is one of the countries which is investing in technological development for achieving its long-term vision and competitive advantage. There are significant opportunities in the infrastructural projects for road, rail and telecommunications. Like China, Saudi Arabia is trying to minimize the competitive gap through investments in factor determinants (Al-Otaibi et al. 2015) Secondly, demand conditions are the level of home market demand for a particular product or service. China exports several products such as machinery, rubber, textile, minerals and electronic products. The demand from the USA, European Union, North America, Hong Kong and various other countries. However, the economic slowdown has reduced the demand for steel, coal and other metals. China imports plastic materials, transport equipment, fuel materials and chemical products as they are heavily demanded in the home market (Pi and Curran 2016). Saudi Arabia has the largest reserve of natural gas that adds to the competitiveness of the country. Further, other products such as foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles and other equipments are mainly imported by the country as it is heavily demanded by the residents. However, in the recent years, the competitive advantage obtained from oil reserves is declining. The oil revenue is declining as it is a non-renewable source of energy which is depleting with time. This is poor in comparison with China as the country experiences increase in steel trade. The ambitions set by Saudi Arabia are claimed unrealistic due to lack of infrastructure, poor planning and manpower (Cook 2016). Thirdly, related and supporting industries helps the firm enjoy greater cost advantage and innovative inputs. The supporting industries cover tools, machines, components, parts, logistics, distribution, insurance and various other services which emphasize the manufacture of finished products. The supporting industries in China add to the advantage of cheap labour, large market and mass production. The sales in China have increased exponentially due to the privatization of distribution channels. The organizations are conducting marketing activities beyond their cities for meeting increased demand. The Chinese government invests in building a logistics infrastructure but the limit on truck sizes at certain points of day act as hindrance for logistics optimization. However, there is a scope for decentralizing the distribution networks for streamlining the processes (Liu, Lovely and Ondrich 2012). On the other hand, Saudi Arabia serves as an opportunity as well as a challenge for foreign businesses. There are various marketing regions in the country which is beneficial for different regions. Saudi Arabia does not practice much of direct marketing. There are not many facilities such as home delivery or postal insurance. In comparison with China, it is observed that Saudi needs to develop the related and supporting industries. There is a need to increase private sector participation in the economic development. There are isolated industries more than the clustered ones in Saudi Arabia in comparison with China (Rahman et al. 2012). Lastly, firm strategy, structure and rivalry are important determinant of competitiveness in which the companies determine the nature of domestic rivalry. The domestic strategy plays a crucial role in influencing the strategy of the firms. The management structure is different for all industries. The presence of strong rivals help in improving quality, create product innovations and lower the costs. China provides several opportunities to the multinational companies for economic development. The local players in the Chinese market have a great stage to offer intense competition to the global players. The local players are continually improving the quality of the products. Not only quality, but the suppliers offer cheaper products made by the domestic companies (Brekelmans 2013). In Saudi Arabia, the government plays a crucial role as the oil economies play a central role. The management structure is based on hierarchical lines with strong power held by the seniors. However, in case o n China, the join-venture strategy is found the most appropriate to do business and develop good relations with the country. Saudi Arabia businesses require significant time an effort to build strong business relationships (Liu, Lovely and Ondrich 2012). Overall, it is observed that Saudi Arabia is one of the wealthiest nations in the world. The main product exported in Saudi Arabia is oil where the government supports free trade economy. Saudi Arabia is the natural choice for all the investors in energy-based industries. The government offer high standard of living and financial incentives to the expatriate and other professionals from across the world. However, there is a need to adopt a few strategies that would help the country in enhancing global competitive advantage (Ramli and Twaha 2015). As a strategy and policy advisor, China is used as a benchmark for developing and improving the competitive advantage of Saudi Arabia. Firstly, capital control policy may be levied by the government in which the foreign capital is limited for inflow or outflow from the domestic economy. Capital must be enabled for the most efficient places. As Saudi Arabia has the highest oil reserves, capital can enable both investors and stakeholders. The economy can also diversify its production base through technological advantage. The real exchange rate pressures shall help in controlling capital inflow. Competition can be increased by investment subsidies and grants. New product development can be made. The low interest rate in the country shall also encourage investment. Tax relief on investments shall enable people to make greater investments (Chang, Liu and Spiegel 2015). Secondly, foreign direct investment can also offer a certain degree of control in the invested funds. As Saudi Arabia has free trade, like China, the country must establish joint venture firms where the ratio of ownership is divided. The public money can be used to educate people, prepare skilful workers and develop corporate finance. FDI strategy can be used to attract the national institutions to promote investment. For achieving such objectives, the country needs a diversity and variety in advertising, telemarketing and trade fairs. The related and supporting industries need to be developed as seen in case of china for effective capacity building (Chang, Liu and Spiegel 2015). Thirdly, protectionist policy may be applied for restraining trade between states. Several methods such as restrictive quotas, tariffs on imported goods and others as in case of China may be applied. Saudi Arabia is a member of several global trade organizations who have signed free trade agreements with Singapore and few other countries. With the application of trade policies such as tariffs and quotas shall help the reduction in imports. The higher price of imported products shall enable the companies to manufacture and devise technologies to manufacture products in their own country (Tirado et al. 2013). Lastly, antitrust and competition policies may be adopted by Saudi Arabia for innovation and dynamic improvement. Antitrust policy in Saudi Arabia shall help in maintaining efficacies. The policy shall help the firms and industries from exerting undue control in the market that would encourage anti-competitive behaviour. Not only domestic rivals, but the foreign companies such a Scottish Power, British Gas, Eon and others shall not be unfairly treated (Tirado et al. 2013). Conclusively, the strategies can help Saudi Arabia in improving the competitive advantage by keeping China as a benchmark. The shortcomings stated in the industrial structure for competitiveness can be minimized by using the above policies. References Al-Otaibi, F., Faleh Alharbi, M. and Almeleehan, A., 2015. Effect of Total Quality Management Practices Factors on the Competitiveness: Evidence from Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Business and Management, 10(5). Brekelmans, M., 2013.Global industrial firms face domestic rivals head on | CER. [online] Chinaeconomicreview.com. Available at: https://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/china-manufacturing-global-domestic [Accessed 9 Nov. 2016]. Chang, C., Liu, Z. and Spiegel, M., 2015. Capital controls and optimal Chinese monetary policy.Journal of Monetary Economics, 74(1), pp.1-15. Cook, J., 2016.The Huge Challenges Ahead For Saudi Arabias Oil Reforms. [online] The Huffington Post. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-economic-reform-plan_us_571fbfb4e4b0b49df6a95e52 [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016]. Fainshmidt, S., Smith, A. and Judge, W., 2016. National Competitiveness and Porter's Diamond Model: The Role of MNE Penetration and Governance Quality.Global Strategy Journal, 6(2), pp.81-104. Jones, R. and Omran, A., 2015.Saudi Arabia Puts Squeeze on Foreign Workers. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-puts-squeeze-on-foreign-workers-1425683630 [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016]. Liu, X., Lovely, M. and Ondrich, J., 2012. Does Final Market Demand Elasticity Influence the Location of Export Processing? Evidence from Multinational Decisions in China.The World Economy, 36(5), pp.509-536. Newman, A., Thanacoody, R. and Hui, W., 2011. The impact of employee perceptions of training on organizational commitment and turnover intentions: a study of multinationals in the Chinese service sector.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(8), pp.1765-1787. Pi, X. and Curran, E., 2016.Chinas Exports Jump Most in a Year, Boosting Growth Outlook. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-13/china-s-exports-rebounded-in-march-boosting-growth-outlook [Accessed 8 Nov. 2016]. Rahman, F., Rehman, S. and Abdul-Majeed, M., 2012. Overview of energy storage systems for storing electricity from renewable energy sources in Saudi Arabia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), pp.274-283. Ramli, M. and Twaha, S., 2015. Analysis of renewable energy feed-in tariffs in selected regions of the globe: Lessons for Saudi Arabia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45(1), pp.649-661. Tirado, D., Pons, J., Paluzie, E. and Martnez-Galarraga, J., 2013. Trade policy and wage gradients: evidence from a protectionist turn.Cliometrica, 7(3), pp.295-318. Zhang, P. and London, K., 2013. Towards an internationalized sustainable industrial competitiveness model.Competitiveness Review, 23(2), pp.95-113.

Understanding Specific Needs- Health and Social Care Related free essay sample

Understanding Specific Needs- Assignment 1 This assignment on understanding specific needs will look into the perceptions that people have of health, disability, illness and behaviour in a health and social care context. It will also look into and explain how attitudes towards individuals with specific needs and perceptions of those needs change over time and differ between cultures. I will then analyse how legislation, society, culture and social policy interact to influence attitudes toward and service development for individuals with specific needs. The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1946) describes health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. Concepts related to health and social care that have been adapted to define health and disease in individuals include disability, illness, impairment, sickness and behaviour to name a few. These concepts may be misused by individuals who don’t actually understand the term. In order to be a competent and professional health and social care practitioner it is extremely important to understand the correct definition and have the correct perceptions of health, disability and wellbeing, if not, we may end up offending individuals in our care without meaning too. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Specific Needs- Health and Social Care Related or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is hard to find a correct definition for ‘impairment’ and ‘disability’ but WHO describes impairment as ‘any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function’- an example of this would include someone who has suffered from a stroke and as a result loses function of one side of their body. They then go on to describe disability as ‘any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the matter or within the range considered normal for a human being’ followed by an example of ‘limited functioning of leg leads to inability to walk’. When it comes to illness, disease and sickness it is sometimes hard to differentiate between the three. Although they are quite closely related to one another they do each mean different things. Jones, 1994 described disease as a specific condition of ill health in a patient. Illness is about how you feel- it is related to disease in that you may have a particular disease but still feel well. Some people believe that if a person is ill they have a disease but this however is not always the case- a disease is a physical change or abnormality in the human body. A relevant example to highlight the difference between a disease and illness would be HIV and some forms of cancer- sufferers can live everyday relatively normal without feeling ill or sick while taking the correct medication. Most diseases will affect our behaviour if diagnosed- most obvious behaviour change could be feeling down in the dumps/ sad about the impact the disease may have on your own day to day life. However, it doesn’t have to be a problem- some people may be diagnosed with a disease, be optimistic and look at the ‘problems’ it poses but then be motivated to change those problems. Disease is the most likely out of the terms that would be most commonly used in health and social care as it is noticeable and certain whereas illness and sickness are feelings. A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities†. (Disability Discrimination Act 1995) I previously touched briefly on disability and WHO’s definition, however I have become more and more aware of disability and those who suffer from a disability within my own placement work in the c ollege helping out and assisting the students who have learning disabilities, therefore I can relate more to it. I agree with the above definition as the students in my placement, although a lot older than me; can’t complete the tasks that I take for granted everyday as well as us who don’t have a disability. I feel that by the college offering classes and providing facilities for those who have a disability is very positive and from having firsthand experience I feel that the staff do a very positive and great job with the students. There is also a door to door service available for those who are in wheelchair due to problems with their mobility- this bus collects students from their door and brings then directly to the college. This is also positive as in the past this was not available. In general I feel that discrimination against those who suffer from a disability is getting better- examples of this include ramps for wheel chair accessibility onto buses and trains which was not available in the past. I feel like we as a society are talking a step in the right direction in bringing equality to all including those who have a disability. According to Wolfensburger, 1972, the social roles perceptions of people with learning disabilities include subhuman, sick, menace, object of dread and object of ridule. The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference. It looks at ways of removing barriers that restrict life choices for disabled people. When barriers are removed, disabled people can be independent and equal in society, with choice and control over their own lives. The medical model of disability says people are disabled by their impairments or differences. Under the medical model, these impairments or differences should be fixed or changed by medical and other treatments, even when the impairment or difference does not cause pain or illness. The medical model looks at what is wrong with the person and not what the person needs. It creates low expectations and leads to people losing independence, choice and control in their own lives. An example of both models in action would be a wheelchair user wants to get into a building with a step at the entrance. Under a social model solution, a ramp would be added to the entrance so that the wheelchair user is free to go into the building immediately. Using the medical model, there are very few solutions to help wheelchair users to climb stairs, which excludes them from many essential and leisure activities. Each models have their individual strengths and weaknesses however I do feel that the one that I agree with most is the social model- I believe that the mind is a powerful thing, and thinking positively and pushing ourselves to reach our full potential is extremely important in how we develop- I believe that by the social model encouraging independence of those who are disabled they are doing exactly this. In saying this I of course still understand the importance of the medical side and its importance in disability. The most recent model in relation to disability is the affirmative model and it is all about celebrating diversity. In 2000, John Swain and Sally French came up with the idea for the new model. They believed that yes the social model was great from promoting independence and equality however with this, people were still going to see disabled people as a personal tragedy and feel sympathetic towards them and therefore they would never be treated equal to those without a disability. So the Affirmative Model was initially proposed as a counter to this personal tragedy narrative of impairment. It is expressed in the voices of people who say, Deafness is normal for me. I wouldn’t want to be other than Deaf. Or, I’ve been blind since birth. Why would I want to change? This is who I am. Or, I have learning difficulties. I have Down’s Syndrome but I don’t ‘suffer’ from Down’s Syndrome. This is who I am as a person. This is me. It encourages disabled people to be happy in the people that they are and in my opinion they should do exactly this. We as health and social care workers must be advocates to the disabled in our society. We must speak out and act persuasively on behalf of anyone in our cares rights and just in general should speak up for everyone’s rights. We must do so because of legislative requirements, our code of practice and care value base but most of all because we feel it is right to do so. Although, as mentioned above, Northern Ireland as a society is becoming more and more aware and accommodating to the needs of the disabled it has been quite a long time coming in comparison to other countries, Sweden being a prime example. There is a huge difference in how disabled people are treated here and how they are treated in Sweden. Sweden follow the Nordic Model which has characteristics such as welfare funded by high taxes (around 35%), universal welfare rights, high level of public/state interventions and political consensus and shared culture and belief. Benefits come from using the Nordic model and have helped Sweden in becoming the well thought of country it is today. For example, carers in Sweden can be off work for as long as they need and still be paid- they receive great benefits. It is a society focused on everyone which helps in the support of vulnerable people who are in need of help. Sweden has higher levels of social satisfaction and well being. They are great at negotiating issues and coming to agreements- there are very little strikes, protests and walk outs. In Sweden profit is not the most important focus- commitment to society is. They were also ahead of us in Northern Ireland in making significant decisions- one of these being the Grunewald’s 4 phases of care ervices which was introduced in 1974. The first phase in Grunewald’s phases of caring is diagnostic stage and ultimately identifying the problem. The next phase looks at the specialisation of the problem- this seen the need for a ‘specialist’ institution caring for people. The third phase of care services was differentiation which appreciated that one service was not enough and could not meet the need holistically therefore the development of multi disciplinary models was introduced. The final stage of Grunewald’s phases of caring was decentralisation- this ensured the integration of services and use of ‘ordinary’ facilities. This highlights just how quick and early Sweden were in discovering that those who had a disability in their country needed to be treated with equality and needed to be able to do the things that everyone else could do. The next part of the assignment will look into the development of community care in Northern Ireland which will then enable me to make fair comparisons between it and Sweden. Community care is not a new concept. The term however means different things to different people. This paper uses the term to mean care outside hospital’. Community care is in relation to those who previously lived in long stay institutions now live in and are cared for in the community. It ensures that those living in the community who need care, for example, older people, people with mental illness, learning/ physical disabil ity and those suffering from addiction, victims of abuse, homeless etc are facilitated to remain in the community. It is provided by three sectors; statutory sector which is the government/ Trusts, independent sector which is separate from the government and include voluntary organisations as well as private organisations and finally informal sector which is unpaid carers including relatives, friends neighbours etc. ‘Ever since the Health Service had been created, and indeed for long before it, the long stay services in hospitals for the mentally ill and elderly and handicapped had been a disgrace to a humane society. Glennerster (2000) P113 The 1960’s is when things started to change in relation to institutional care. Reductions in admission led the government to conclude that demand was not high, this alongside criticisms of institutional care from Barbara Robb’s book ‘Sans Everything’ as well as Geoffrey Howe’s critical inquiry into care at Ely Hospital for people with learning disabilities gave the government the recognition that things were not right h owever there were no solutions made in this decade. The next ecade, the 1970’s, presented better services debate on the agenda as well as beginnings of health service reform which was looking promising, however economic constraints led to not a whole lot of improvements being carried out. In the 1980’s much of the same negotiations took and things began to improve such as adult commission- making a reality of community care, cost of supplementary benefit spending on private residential and nursing care as well as Griffiths report on Community Care; Agenda for Action. The 1990’s saw the introduction of The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 as well as People First; Community Care in Northern Ireland for the 1990’s. After going through this timeline of the development of community care in Northern Ireland it is quite obvious that Sweden move a whole lot faster in developing their country for those in need. I feel like this is possibly down to the relationship between the public and the government in Sweden- they seem to have a good system and seem united in most decisions. As well as this their society focuses on everyone in the society, they support vulnerable people who are in need of help and this I feel needs improved in Northern Ireland. Although there have been many improvements from previous years it is quite obvious that we still lag very far behind not only Sweden but England and Wales as well. â€Å"Severe challenging behaviour refers to behaviour of such an intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or delay access to and use of ordinary community facilities. Emerson et al (1987) In our lifetime, most of us will come across instances of challenging behaviour, particularly those who work in health and social care environments. Behaviours that people find challenging can put people’s safety at risk, disrupt home life as well as stop a person taking part in everyday, ordinary social, educational and leisurel y activities. Challenging behaviour can affect a person’s development and their ability to learn. Problems are often caused as much by the way a person is supported – or not supported – as by their disabilities. People often behave in a ‘challenging’ way if they have problems understanding what’s happening around them or communicating what they want or need. The Alzheimer Society explained that ‘In many cases, challenging behaviours have meaning – the challenge is to figure out the significance, so that the behaviour can be managed, controlled or diverted’- this part of the assignment will look at the potential impact that challenging behaviour may have on health and social care organisations as well as analysing the strategies for working with challenging behaviours associated with specific needs. Challenging behaviour is often seen in people with conditions that affect communication and the brain, such as learning disabilities or dementia. Communication is the main way we interact and express our needs, likes and dislikes. If communication is a problem then it can be very frustrating for the person involved and may result in challenging behaviour. If this behaviour leads to a desired outcome, it may be repeated again and again. We as carers must be able to deal appropriately and effectively with challenging behaviour as we will more than likely face it in our career lifetime. As professionals we should determine whether the behaviour is challenging or safe for the person- it may be a problem for someone else which doesn’t trouble the individual at all. For example, if being in a large group of people makes the person you care for feel anxious and makes them become agitated, you could arrange for them to be in a smaller group or have one-to-one support- this will trigger challenging behaviour for some people but not everyone. In order to help deal with the behaviour we must try to understand the cause and why the person is behaving this way. We can start doing this by figuring out what has happened just before the behaviour, looking for any triggers, as well as determining what happened after the incident- it is extremely important to remember not to make assumptions as to what the cause of the behaviour is as this may bring on further challenging behaviour. Simple explanations can be the cause of challenging behaviour such as boredom and frustration as well as changes in routine, sometimes the behaviour is caused simply for a way to get attention. We must try to find the suitable solutions to meet the person’s needs and must be prepared to try different approaches in order to find the correct one. It is important to remember that challenging behaviour can usually be managed with good support and that teaching new communication skills is key in reducing the behaviour. If you as a carer are finding it hard to cope with the behaviour of the person you look after, you can ask your GP to refer you to a specialist with knowledge of challenging behaviour. The specialist will want to know what situations or people trigger the behaviour, what the early warning signs are, and what happens after the event. As well as this, there are organisations set up in order to cope with dealing with challenging behaviour, for example, many organisations for people with learning disabilities or dementia have strategies for coping with challenging behaviour. Some of these organisations also provide opportunities for carers to connect with other people in a similar situation including through family linking schemes. Similarly, family of the person with challenging behaviour can be affected by it and also need help and support. They most likely will be suffering from high levels of stress and often have emotional or physical problems of their own- they should seek help from a specialist, for example a ‘behaviour support team’ or they could alternatively speak to someone who is in a similar situation and therefore understanding of their own circumstances. Another option would be to seek comfort in speaking to a family counselling and support service. Physical Intervention can, sometimes, come along with challenging behaviour however this should only ever happen if needs be. Physical intervention can include restraints such as arm splints or helmets but again should only ever be implemented as a last resort. If they are employed, it should be with clear guidelines on their use, and alongside a range of other ways of supporting the person with their behaviour. This should be recorded and regularly reviewed with a clear aim of eliminating their use. However, before any healthcare professional carries out any sort of physical intervention they should receive the correct training- this will not only teach them how to carry out the intervention properly ensuring the safety of themselves as well as the patient but also it will ensure that the carer has confidence in doing so. Overall it is quite obvious the importance that communication has in carers dealing with challenging behaviour, if we can communicate with our patients effectively as well as identifying the cause of the problem challenging behaviour will be kept to a minimal. Those suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are prone to experiencing challenging behaviour. Part of this assignment is to look at and evaluate a case study based on a school boy, Michael, who because of ADHD IS having trouble in school. Difficulties that he has include listening in class, completing homework’s, shouting out inappropriately during class as well as talking during class with this said it is obvious that he struggles with understanding the social constraints of the classroom. However one point from the case study that I feel is relevant and important to remember is that Michael attends a grammar school with a 1950’s style ethos which does suggest that the school is outdates and therefore may not accommodate correctly to those suffering from ADHD. After reading the case study, my class group devised a communication chart and came to the conclusion that Michael is simply trying to communicate but he may be misunderstood because of his ADHD- we believe that he may have little to no friends and that he may not be able to cope with the demand of work and therefore is falling behind all because of his disability, all of which would be extremely frustrating. It is evident that support is needed, not only in school but also at home from his family. This could include a recording device to help record homework such as a homework diary. Also I feel that it would be beneficial for the school teachers as well as pupils to become aware and be given more knowledge as to what ADHD actually is and its impact on those who suffer from its lives, obviously without pin pointing Michael- this would reduce stigma and people labelling Michael as a ‘problem child’. PIES is vital in the development of anyone and is particularly important for those with specific needs such as Michael. When looking at the physical aspect I feel that physical activity in after school sports would be beneficial in Michaels development- not only would this keep him physically healthy but it would also ensure his social needs improve as he would be interacting and making new friends with other students. As well as this Michael should have a set routine at home, for example getting the correct amount of sleep and eating a health balanced diet. Intellectually it is obvious that improvements need to happen if Michael is to prosper in school. I feel that it is vitally important that he gets one to one attention from a teaching assistant- this way he could seek help from the teaching assistant by asking him/her questions rather than shouting out loud and interrupting the class. The school could also contribute by changing their teaching style by making it more up to date and interactive to suit all students, including Michael. Finally, as mentioned previously, extra support at home would be beneficial and effective communication between Michael’s parent and teachers would help develop his intellectual needs. Emotional support will help in Michael’s development in school. A school counsellor could be provided to help him with his transition from Primary school, in which the case study points out he had no problems, to secondary school where there are obvious problems. Another idea could be that the school could develop different methods of dealing with challenging behaviour rather than strict punishment, for example they could calmly speak to Michael and try to understand the problems that he may be having. Finally, in terms of Michael’s social development it would appear he has very little friends in school. As mentioned above, taking part in extracurricular activities could help develop Michael socially and would result in him making friends. After assessing the case study it is extremely obvious that the main implementation for Michael should be a person centred approach and under the Children (NI) Order 1995 Michael is entitled to receive this. â€Å"Put simply, person-centred planning is a way of discovering what people want, the support they need and how they can get it. It is evidence-based practice that assists people in leading an independent and inclusive life. Person-centred planning is both an empowering philosophy and a set of tools for change, at an individual, a team and an organisational level. It shifts power from professionals to people who use services. † http://www. dh. gov. uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_115249. pdf- accessed on 1/5/13. The school should recognise and be aware of Michael’s own needs and problems that he may have and they should accommodate these otherwise Michael could find the help he needs elsewhere. It should implement person centred thinking tools such as ‘The Doughnut’ which is particularly relevant to Michael as it helps promote independence by identifying responsibilities and avoiding the tendency to treat people with specific needs differently from everybody else which is exactly what Michael would not want. A good idea would also be for the school and Michael’s family to come together every month and assess how things are progressing, stating what’s working and what needs improved further. Person centred approaches bring a number of positive outcomes as they are a targeted intervention and they manage challenging behaviour through prevention- they should definitely be implemented in Michael’s case. After looking at challenging behaviour, the strategies and tools that can help cope with it and how to deal with people suffering from it as health and social care professionals, I feel that above all, communication is the most important aspect. If we can communicate effectively we should be able to solve any problems. Like everything in Health and Social care partnership and working together makes things go a lot smoother. Person centred approaches are also very important in those who have challenging behaviour’s development. Risk management also helps especially having a plan in the event of an emergency. Understanding Specific Needs- Assignment 2 One condition that can bring about challenging behaviour, as well as ADHD, is dementia. In order to care for those who have dementia, we as carers must have a better understanding of what the disease is and what it involves. According to the Alzheimers Disease International 2010, there are 7. 7 million new cases of dementia each year- highlighting the severity of the condition. Previously dementia was viewed as an inevitable part of the ageing process and individuals who had it were characterised as ‘senile old people who have lost their mind’. Many still hold on to this view and as a result individuals often go misdiagnosed by professionals, individuals and families (Berr et al, 2005). However as time has went on it has become more recognised as a mental health condition, given the medical definition of ‘Dementia is the insidious onset and progression of cognitive and/or behavioural symptoms that constitute a departure from the individual’s customary way of thinking and/or behaving. Wicklund and Weintruab 2005. As a result of this more research into the condition has been carried out. Dementia is not classified as a disease but rather a symptom, it indicates that the brain is not functioning ‘normally’ but researchers can not specify the cause or source of the ‘malfunction’. Dementia affects individuals i ndependence and as a result their daily living as well as social relationships. Their personality can change and their memory lost. Their emotional responsiveness changes alongside their language, reasoning, judgement and ability to communicate all of which can be very hard for loved ones to come to terms with. Alzheimer’s Scotland 2003 stress that being diagnosed with dementia is not ‘the end of the road’ and while it brings great changes and challenges ‘there’s still a whole world to enjoy’. A lot of individuals suffering from dementia, depending on the severity, live in care settings simply because they can become difficult for family members alone to look after. In my own experience of working in a care home I know too well about the care that those with dementia need. As carers it is important that we promote as much independence on those with dementia. It is important to help them remain as fit and healthy as possible- both mentally and physically. In my own care home we would fulfil this by simply taking residents for walks around the garden ensuring that they get some fresh air and aren’t just sitting in their chair all day. All principles of practice still apply for dementia individuals, we should respect their dignity when washing, respect their privacy by knocking their door before entering as well as respecting their personal style and identity when dressing them- this is reassuring for family member when visiting. As dementia develops, it can cause behaviour changes that can be confusing, irritating or difficult for others to deal with, leaving carers and family members feeling stressed, irritable or helpless. By learning to understand the meaning behind the actions, it can be easier to stay calm and deal effectively with the challenges that arise. Examples of changes in behaviour include asking the same question over and over again- in this case we should try encouraging the individual to find the answer for themselves and also ensure that we are patient and understanding. One example that is relevant to me and probably others working in a care home is residents repeatedly asking to go home; in this case we should be extremely understanding and reassure them that they are in a safe place and loved. As a result of looking after loved ones with dementia, we can sometimes neglect ourselves and it can become emotionally and physically draining. Pinquart and Sorenson (2004) suggest that the impact of caring for a person with dementia is greater than caring for a physically frail elder due to a number of challenges specific to caring for a person with dementia. Dementia results in an increased need for supervision which in turn can result in the carer becoming isolated and having no time for their own spare time activities. In making recommendations for inventions to support carers of people with dementia, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the Social Care Institute for Excellence (NICE- SCIE) took into account the findings from the research literature. The most successful interventions are tailored and multi- component, including for example: Individual or group psycho- education Peer support groups with other carers Training courses about dementia, services and benefits, and communication and problem solving in the care of people with dementia Involvement of other family members All of this highlights the importance of information on dementia and how important education on dementia is for carers. Counselling sessions have also proved valuable for carers of those with dementia. Mittelman et al (1995, 1996, 2005) set up i ndividual and family counselling, support groups and access to long term telephone support. Content would include learning techniques for managing behaviour or promoting better communication between concerned family members. There has been no formal replication of the model in the UK but the service offered by Admiral Nurses is similar in that they provide long term, carer focused support. It is obvious that in the past dementia has been perceived wrong by the public, however with more and more research and exposure as to what the condition actually is and how it affects those who have it I feel that people have begun to realise just how serious it is as well as just how much it changes not only the lives of those suffering from it but also their loved ones as well as their carers. In order to continue with this progress I feel it is extremely important for future nurses, carers and people in general to be fed information on what dementia is, how it can affect us and how we can cope with the condition in our daily lives, for example by providing more support services for carers and families in need. Bibliography World Health Organisation 1946 1984 cited in L Ewles I Simnet [2003] â€Å"Promoting Health – A Practical Guide† 5th Ed London, Balliere Tindall L Jones [1994] â€Å"The Social Context of Health and Health Work† London Macmillan http://www. disabilityartsonline. org. uk/affirmative-model-of-disability- accessed on 1/5/13 http://www. scope. org. uk/about-us/our-brand/talking-about-disability/social-model-disability- accessed on 1/5/13 Grunewald [1974] The Mentally Retarded in Sweden† Swedish Institute, Stockholm CCETSW, Conn, L. and